I am excited to welcome author Maria Grace to my blog today. If you have always wished to continue the story of Pride and Prejudice, Maria's books are perfect for you. In her latest release, The Trouble to Check Her, we are treated to a deeper look into Austen's Lydia Bennett. I have asked Maria to share some of her in-depth research on Regency era courtships that went into the making of this novel. Welcome, Maria!
~ Samantha
Thanks so much for having me, Samantha! The business of
courtship and marriage plays such a role in so many of our stories, it has been
a fascinating study for me and I’m thrilled to be able to share some of that
with you and your readers.
In the Tudor era, courtship was more a seducer’s art. But at
the dawn of the 19th century, it became the road leading to
matrimony. Since young people now enjoyed a degree of choice over their
marriage partner, they needed advice on how to judge character, how to behave
in public toward the opposite sex, how to attract the opposite sex, even the
proper way to make or refuse an offer of marriage.
Conduct literature exploded in response to the new anxieties
and uncertainties of finding a proper mate. They happily provided rules for
courtship behavior that they asserted were necessary to safeguard both sexes.
Gentlemen required protection from being trapped into matrimony, and ladies
needed to be guarded from becoming attached to men who were not sincere in
their intentions toward them.
Since courtship and marriage were serious steps for middle
class men and women, they were usually not embarked upon until their middle to late
twenties. In the process, young men were counseled not to embark upon it
lightly, and young women not to give affections too easily.
I cannot even understand how it is
flattering to a man's vanity, to gain the affections of a deserving and too
credulous woman, whom he never intends to marry. He ought to lose more in his
character for integrity, than he can gain as one successful in courtship. His manner
of address, consisting of a visible attachment. While his heart is not engaged,
is most detestable able hypocrisy. And to say that he is not bound in honour,
because he has subjected himself to no specific promise, is the highest
aggravation of his guilt. Were he to act in the same manner in his common
transactions with mankind, his character would be forever blasted. (Gener,
1812.)
A woman is often placed in a very
delicate situation. She may be distinguished by a kind of attention which is
calculated to gain her affections, while it is impossible to know whether the
addresses of her pretended lover will end in a serious declaration. (Gener,
1812)
As in most things in society in that era, men played the
active role in the prescribed procedure for proper courtship. Women had to wait
for pursuit by a suitor. Siblings and friends could be recruited as messengers
to alert a potential suitor of a young lady’s inclinations, but she could take
no further initiative. Even if a suitor made the first move, she was expected
to behave with considerable reserve and not openly encourage a man’s suit.
ONE of the chief beauties in a
female character is that modest reserve, that retiring delicacy, which avoids
the public eye, and is disconcerted even at the gaze of admiration. (Gregory,
1774)
Ironically, the one area in courtship where the lady might
have an active role was in refusing unwanted attentions. This restricted her
choices from among those who made advances toward her. It was not uncommon for
a woman to feel pressured to accept the first reasonable offer they received,
since another might never come their way again.
Discretion in all things
Those marriages generally abound
most with love and constancy, that are preceded by long courtship. The passion
should strike root, and gather strength before marriage be grafted on it. A
long course of hopes and expectations fixes the idea in our minds, and
habituates us to a fondness of the person beloved…
(The Young Husband's Book 1839.)
Unmarried men had to exercise caution around unmarried young
ladies. Attentions or worse, particular friendliness, might be interpreted as
romantic interest by the lady herself or her friends and family. Since men were
not to express interest unless they were serious about a woman, misunderstood
actions could lead to accusations of intentionally leading a woman on. Pressure
to offer marriage might follow.
The Advantages of being reserved
are too many to be set down; we will only say, that it is a Guard to a good
Woman, and a Disguise to an ill One. It is of so much Use to both, that those
ought to use it as an Artifice who refuse to practice it as a Virtue. (The
Whole Duty of a Woman, 1737)
Female conduct manuals universally cautioned women not to be
forward in their dealings with men or to encourage their advances. A woman must
never confess her feelings until absolutely convinced of his intentions. Some
went so far as to insist a woman must never look at a man unless he made the
first advance. Not surprisingly, it was difficult for either party to truly
discern the feelings and intentions of the other. Only at the moment an offer
of marriage was made could a
man declare his feelings and a woman her own in return.
If a couple was observed
violating any of the myriad of courtship rules, onlookers would immediately
assume a proposal had been offered and accepted. Even mild displays of
friendliness could inspire speculations about a possible offer of marriage.
Forbidden behaviors included using Christian names, paying compliments, driving
in carriages alone together, correspondence, and any kind of intimate
touching.
To help prevent
misunderstandings and ruined reputations, young, unmarried women were never
alone in the company of a gentleman or at any social event, without a chaperone.
Except for a walk to church or a park in the early morning, a lady could not
walk alone. She always needed to be accompanied by another lady, an appropriate
man (family or close family friend), or a servant. Though a lady might drive her own carriage,
if she left the family estate, a groom must attend her. Similarly, on horseback
she needed an appropriate companion to protect her reputation.
All forms of touching were kept to a minimum. Putting a
lady's shawl about her shoulders, or assisting her to mount a horse, enter a
carriage or climb stairs were acceptable. A gentleman might take a lady's arm
through his, to support her while out walking. But he must never try to take
her hand. If he did, she must immediately withdraw it with a strong air of
disapproval, whether she felt it or not. Even shaking hands was frowned upon.
Since the courting couple could never be truly alone, conversations
had to be extremely discreet leaving much to be interpreted from facial
expressions alone. Even those were proscribed by many advice writers.
There is another Character not
quite so criminal, yet not less ridiculous; which is, that of a good humour'd
Woman, one who thinketh me must always be in a Laugh, or a broad Smile, because
Good-Humour is an obliging Quality; thinks it less ill Manners to talk
impertinently than to be silent in Company. (The Whole Duty of a Woman, 1737)
Once engaged, couples were expected to proclaim that fact
clearly, in part ensuring that neither could back out without serious social
repercussions. These consequences were important because, although society had
moved away from marriages as arranged affairs, their natures as business
transactions had not yet changed.
References
Gener, S., and John Muckersy. M. Gener, Or, A Selection
of Letters on Life and Manners. 3rd ed. Edinburgh: Printed for Peter Hill
..., A. Constable & and A. MacKay ;, 1812.
Gregory, John. A Father's Legacy to His Daughters By the
Late Dr. Gregory, of Edinburgh. The 2nd ed. London: Printed for W. Strahan ;,
1774.
Jones, Hazel. Jane Austen and Marriage. London:
Continuum, 2009.
The Whole Duty of a
Woman, Or, an Infallible Guide to the
Fair Sex. Containing, Rules, Directions, and Observations, for Their Conduct
and Behaviour through All Ages and Circumstances of Life, as Virgins, Wives, or
Widows. With Directions, How to Obtain All Use. The 2nd ed. London: Printed
for T. Read, in Dogwell-Court, White-Fryers, Fleet-Street, 1737.
The Young Husband's Book a Manual of the Duties, Moral,
Religious, and Domestic, Imposed by the Relations of Married Life.
Philadelphia: Lea & Blanchard, 1839.
The Trouble to Check Her
Lydia Bennet faces the music…
Running
off with Mr. Wickham was a great joke—until everything turned
arsey-varsey. That spoilsport Mr. Darcy
caught them and packed Lydia off to a hideous boarding school for girls who had
lost their virtue.
It
would improve her character, he said.
Ridiculous,
she said.
Mrs.
Drummond, the school’s headmistress, has shocking expectations for the girls.
They must share rooms, do chores, attend lessons, and engage in charitable
work, no matter how well born they might be. She even forces them to wear
mobcaps! Refusal could lead to finding themselves at the receiving end of Mrs.
Drummond's cane—if they were lucky. The unlucky ones could be dismissed and
found a position … as a menial servant.
Everything
and everyone at the school is uniformly horrid. Lydia hates them all, except
possibly the music master, Mr. Amberson, who seems to have the oddest ideas
about her. He might just understand her better than she understands herself.
Can
she find a way to live up to his strange expectations, or will she spend the
rest of her life as a scullery maid?
About the Author
Though
Maria Grace has been writing fiction since she was ten years old, those early
efforts happily reside in a file drawer and are unlikely to see the light of
day again, for which many are grateful. After penning five file-drawer novels
in high school, she took a break from writing to pursue college and earn her
doctorate in Educational Psychology. After 16 years of university teaching, she
returned to her first love, fiction writing.
She
has one husband, two graduate degrees and two black belts, three sons, four
undergraduate majors, five nieces, six new novels in the works, attended seven
period balls, sewn eight Regency era costumes, shared her life with nine cats
through the years and published her tenth book last year.
You can connect with Maria through:
